Syllabus topic
Propagation
How signals actually travel — ground wave, sky wave and everything the ionosphere does to them.
10% of the exam0 questions in the bank
Sub-topics
Propagation Modes
Ground wave, sky wave, line-of-sight, tropospheric ducting and the radio horizon.
The Ionosphere
D, E, F1 and F2 layers, MUF and LUF, skip zones, fading and solar activity.
Lessons
The ionosphere in plain language
Why 40 metres opens at night, what MUF means, where the skip zone comes from, and how the sun controls all of it.
9 min